LoCation Services (LCS) test suite to support simulation of location based services in GSM (Lb, Lg, Lh interfaces), UMTS (IuPC, Lg, Lh), and LTE (SLs, SLg, SLh interfaces) networks.

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Performance evaluation studies of low-cost sensors (LCS) measuring air pollutants have been conducted by academic and governmental groups for stationary applications. In contrast, evaluation protocols are nonexistent for LCS used in mobile deployments, though LCS are used in this manner by research groups and may be employed to complement regulatory directives for community monitoring. The Linkus server without LCS doesn't support Linkus Chat function. If the PBX is behind a router and the Linkus communicates with the PBX through the network interface that is configured with a private IP, you need to forward the Linkus relevant ports on your router and configure NAT on your PBX.

Overview

Accurate location services find its use in many public operations such as emergency services, vehicle tracking, stolen assets tracking, advertising, and social networking. For many years, Satellite based GPS (Global Positioning System) has been one of the most popular positioning method. The assisted GPS (A-GPS) was then introduced within the mobile devices that use cellular services to track devices by its Cell ID (CID) - the serving cell of a specific user.

However, these methods presented limitations in their own way to track devices that were mobile, and were unavailable on remote terrains. This resulted in development of hybrid-position systems that uses a combination of different technologies (such as Cell Global Identity - CGI, Timing Advance - TA, Time of Arrival - TOA, E-OTD - Enhanced Observed Time Difference, and Assisted GPS - AGPS) to accurately determine the co-ordinates of a device that is mobile. The Location Services (LCS) architecture defined the process of mapping the received coordinates, expressed in latitude and longitude in a well-defined universal format, to the geographical area and sending this information back to the requested services. The LCS architecture distributes positioning functionality across different network elements and defines a network element as the positioning node. It specifies all the necessary network elements and entities, their functionalities, interfaces, necessary for positioning in a cellular network. LCS architecture follows a client/server model with the positioning node acting as the server providing information to external LCS clients.

In the GSM, UMTS LCS architecture, GMLC (Gateway Mobile Location Center) is the positioning node and center point of the architecture that holds the position information by communicating with other network elements within the network. All LCS clients communicates with this node to request positioning information. Additionally, the GSM network includes separate nodes, Service Mobile Location Center (SMLC) that resides within BSC and Location Measurements Units (LMU) that resides within BS, for calculating and updating the location measurements. The control plane location service architecture for EPS introduced in 3GPP is illustrated in the figure above.

As depicted in the diagram above, some of the important interfaces participating in the location request and response in GSM/UMTS network are summarized below –

• Lb interface – The BSC is accessible to the SMLC via the Lb interface
• Ls interface - The MSC/VLR is accessible to the SMLC via the Ls interface
• Lg interface - The MSC/VLR and SGSN is accessible to the GMLC via the Lg interface
• Lh interface - The HLR is accessible to the GMLC via the Lh interface
• Lp interface - Interface between Peer SMLCs
• Lr interface - Interface between Peer GMLCs
• Le interface - Interface between GMLC and LCS clients

As depicted in the diagram above, some of the important interfaces participating in the location request and response in UMTS/LTE network are summarized below –

• SLs interface - The MME is accessible to the SMLC via the SLs interface
• SLg interface - The MME is accessible to the GMLC via the SLg interface
• SLh interface - The HSS is accessible to the GMLC via the SLh interface

GL’s MAPS™ LCS test suite comprises of multiple products working in tandem simulating end-to-end location-based services supporting above listed interfaces and positioning methods in GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks.

GSM Network
MAPS™ MAP IP emulator - Lg and Lh interfaces
MAPS™ Lb interface emulator - Lb interface between BSC and SMLC

UMTS Network
MAPS™ IuPCemulator - UMTS IuPC interface between RNC and SAS
MAPS™ MAP IP emulator - Lg and Lh interfaces

LTE Network
MAPS™ Diameter emulator - SLg, SLh Interfaces between MME and GMLC
MAPS™ SLs interface emulator – SLs interface between E-SMLC and MME

Positioning Methods

Location or distances between two devices, can be estimated using different methodologies, some of them are listed which are based on classification of the positioning methods, which basically divides them between network based and handset based methods.

Network Based

• Cell Global Identity (CGI): This positioning method gives the current cell location of the target MS based on the cell global identification or the Location Area Code (LAC) plus Cell Identity (CI).
• Timing Advance (TA): This is one of the known methods to calculate the location of MS where the time is calculated for the signal transfers from MS to the base station.
• Time of Arrival (TOA): In this method, the position of MS is calculated based on the signal sent from MS to the three LMUs (Location Measurement Unit), where the geographical co-ordinates in LMU is already known.
• Angle of Arrivals (AOA): In this method, the position calculation relies on smart BS antenna arrays required to measure the angle of the received signal.
• Time Difference of Arrivals (TDOA): In this method, the position of a mobile station is estimated by measuring the time difference of arrivals between the signal received at the serving BS and the same transmission received at other surrounding BSs.

Handset Based

• E-OTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) Positioning Method – MS-based E-OTD is the handset-based alternative to Uplink TDOA (U-TDOA). The E-OTD method needs at least three BTS’s where the logic is to calculate position with Observed Time Difference (OTD), Round Trip Delay (RTD), and Geometric Time Difference (GTD).
• Assisted GPS: AGPS provides the most accurate position of an entity which is approximately in 10 meters range. The position calculation is based on the radio signals sent by satellite to receiver (MS).

The positioning methods used by different network can be summarized as below –

• Standard Positioning Methods in GERAN
• Cell coverage based positioning method
• Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) positioning method
• A-GNSS based positioning method
• Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (UTDOA) positioning method
• Standard Positioning Methods in UTRAN
• Cell coverage based positioning method
• OTDOA positioning method
• A-GNSS based positioning methods
• UTDOA positioning method
• Standard Positioning Methods in E-UTRAN
• Uplink and downlink cell coverage based positioning methods
• OTDOA positioning method
• A-GNSS based positioning methods
• UTDOA positioning method

Simulation of Location Based Services in GSM Network

The LoCation Services (LCS) architecture follows a client/server model with the Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) acting as the server node providing information to external LCS Clients. All LCS clients communicate with this node to request positioning information. Additionally, the GSM network includes separate nodes, Service Mobile Location Center (SMLC) that resides within BSC and Location Measurements Units (LMU) that resides within BS, for calculating and updating the location measurements.
As depicted in the main diagram above, some of the important interfaces participating in the location request and response in the GSM network are:

• Lb interface – The BSC is accessible to the SMLC via the Lb interface
• Ls interface - The MSC/VLR is accessible to the SMLC via the Ls interface
• Lg interface - The MSC/VLR and SGSN is accessible to the GMLC via the Lg interface
• Lh interface - The HLR is accessible to the GMLC via the Lh interface
• Le interface - Interface between GMLC and LCS clients

Location estimation uses different positioning methodologies that are classified into network based and handset based methods. The main difference is that the network-based measurements do their calculations at the infrastructure, while the handset measurements do their calculations at the handset.

The standard positioning methods used in GSM network are:

• Cell Global Identification (CGI) (network based)
• Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (U-TDOA) (network based)
• A-GNSS (handset based)
• Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD) (handset based)

LCS Procedures in GSM

GL’s MAPS™ LCS test suite comprises of multiple products working in tandem to support simulation of end-to-end location based services in GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks.

Specifically, to test location services in GSM network, GL’s MAPS™ MAP IPsignaling emulator is enhanced to simulate LCS procedures over Lg and Lh interfaces using MAP signaling protocol. MS initiated Location Report Procedure is supported over Lg Interface between GMLC and MSC and network initiated Location Retrieval Procedure is supported over Lh Interface between GMLC and HLR.

Further, the MAPS™ Lbinterface emulator supports Location Service Request procedure over Lb interface between BSC and SMLC using BSSMAP-LE signaling protocol. These are discussed briefly below.

Within MAPS™ the Location Estimate parameters such as Type of Shape and coordinates are input through conventional user profiles or are fetched from a CSV file every time it sends the location estimate to the client. This selection is to be made by the user in Profile configuration.

If the selection is 'Profile' all the values present in the particular profile will be sent in the message response. If the selection is made as ‘CSV’, an entry from the csv file is loaded and all the values from the fetched record will be sent in the message response.

These coordinates indicate different position of MS at different intervals of time and report is sent either periodically at specified time duration or at once when requested.

Typical call flow simulation of location based service messages by MAPS™ is as shown –

Complete Call Flow of LCS Procedures with MAPS™ Lb, and MAPS™ MAP IP (Lg, Lh) Emulators

MAPS™ LCS Test Suite for GSM

Lg, Lh Interfaces

MAPS™ MAP IP supports testing LCS functionality between SGSN/MSC and GMLC network elements within UMTS network. The Lg, Lh Interface enable LCS in the GPRS/UMTS to provide support for specialized mobile location services for operators, subscribers, and third party service providers. Both LCS server and LCS client simulation are supported Lg, Lh Interface.

For more details on Lg, Lh interface simulation using MAPS™ MAP IP emulator, visit Lg, Lh Interfaces webpage.

Lb Interface (GSM Network)

MAPS™ Lb interface emulator can simulate LCS positioning procedures over GSM Lb interface by simulating SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center) and BSC (Base Station Center) network elements.

MAPS™ Lb supports BSSMAP-LE message exchange between BSS and SMLC as per 3GPP TS 49.031 specification. The Lb interface, is transparent to all UE related and LMU (Location Measurement Utility) related positioning procedures.

For more details on GSM Lb interface simulation using MAPS™ Lb interface emulator, visit Lb Interface (GSM Network) webpage.

Simulation of Location Based Services in UMTS Network

As depicted in the main diagram above, some of the important interfaces participating in the location request and response in the UMTS network are:

• Lg interface - The MSC/VLR and SGSN is accessible to the GMLC via the Lg interface
• Lh interface - The HLR is accessible to the GMLC via the Lh interface
• IuPC interface – The SAS is accessible to the RNC via the IuPC interface

Location estimation in UMTS network uses Positioning Calculation Application Part (PCAP) protocol over IuPC interface between RNC and the Standalone SMLC (SAS). PCAP consists of Elementary Procedures (EPs) initiating message and possibly a response message. Following are the functions of IuPC interface.

• Management of Position Calculation Functions
• Management of SAS Centric Position Functions
• Management of Information Exchange Functions

Location estimation uses different positioning methodologies that are classified into network based and handset based methods. The main difference is that the network-based measurements do their calculations at the infrastructure, while the handset measurements do their calculations at the handset.

The standard positioning methods used in UMTS network are:

• Cell coverage based positioning methods (network based)
• OTDOA positioning method (network based)
• A-GNSS based positioning methods (handset based)
• UTDOA positioning method (network based)

LCS Procedures in UMTS

GL’s MAPS™ LCS test suite comprises of multiple products working in tandem to support simulation of end-to-end location based services in GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks.

Specifically, to support location services in UMTS network, GL’s MAPS™ MAP IP signaling emulator is enhanced to simulate Lg, and Lh interfaces using MAP protocol for estimating the position of mobile devices (mobile phones, wireless personnel, digital assistants and so on) independent of underlying network technology.

Further, the MAPS™ IuPC interface emulator supports PCAP signaling procedure over UMTS IuPC interface between RNC and SAS. These are discussed briefly below.

Within MAPS™ the Location Estimate parameters such as Type of Shape and coordinates are input through conventional user profiles or are fetched from a CSV file every time it sends the location estimate to the client. This selection is to be made by the user in Profile configuration.

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If the selection is 'Profile' all the values present in the particular profile will be sent in the message response. If the selection is made as ‘CSV’, an entry from the csv file is loaded and all the values from the fetched record will be sent in the message response.

These co-ordinates indicate different position of MS at different intervals of time and report is sent either periodically at specified time duration or at once when requested.

Typical call flow simulation of location based service messages by MAPS™ is as shown –

Complete Call Flow of LCS Procedures with MAPS™ IuPC, and MAPS™ MAP IP (Lg, Lh) Emulators

MAPS™ LCS Test Suite for UMTS

Lg, Lh Interfaces

MAPS™ MAP IP supports testing LCS functionality between SGSN/MSC and GMLC network elements within UMTS network. The Lg, Lh Interface enable LCS in the GPRS/UMTS to provide support for specialized mobile location services for operators, subscribers, and third party service providers. Both LCS server and LCS client simulation are supported Lg, Lh Interface.

For more details on Lg, Lh interface simulation using MAPS™ MAP IP emulator, visit Lg, Lh Interfaces webpage.

IuPC Interface

MAPS™ IuPC supports simulation of location service operation using PCAP (Positioning Calculation Application Part) protocol between the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and the Standalone SMLC (SAS) and the associated signaling procedures as per 3GPP TS 25.305 specification within UMTS network.

MAPS™ IuPC Emulator simulates Positioning Calculation Service, SAS Centric Position Service, and Information Exchange Service PCAP functions.

For more details on IuPC interface simulation using MAPS™ IuPC emulator, visit IuPC Interface webpage.

Simulation of Location Based Services in LTE Network

LoCation Services (LCS) Architecture

The LCS architecture in LTE follows a client/server model with the positioning functionality distributed across LTE radio nodes, eNodeBs, Mobile Management Entity (MME), Evolved-Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) and Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC). As depicted in the diagram above, some of the important interfaces participating in the location request and response in LTE network are summarized below:

• SLs interface - MME is accessible to the E-SMLC via the SLs interface using LCS-AP protocol
• SLg interface - MME is accessible to the GMLC via the SLg interface using Diameter protocol
• SLh interface - HSS is accessible to the GMLC via the SLh interface using Diameter protocol

LTE operates using two positioning protocols via the radio network: LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) and LPP Annex (LPPa). LPP protocol supports hybrid positioning method, in which two or more position methods are used simultaneously to provide accurate measurements. The LTE Positioning Protocols (LPP and LPPa) are carried in LCS-AP PDUs over established SCTP session between an E-SMLC and MME.
Location estimation uses hybrid positioning methodologies from the list of positioning methods given below. These positioning methods may be UE-based, network-based, UE-assisted, network-assisted and/or combination of these methods. The main difference is that the network-based measurements do their calculations at the infrastructure, while the UE based measurements do their calculations at the device.

The standard positioning methods used in LTE network are:

• Enhanced Cell-ID (network based, handset assisted)
• OTDOA positioning method (network based, handset assisted)
• UTDOA positioning method (network based)
• A-GNSS based positioning methods (handset based, network-assisted)

LCS Procedures in LTE

GL’s MAPS™ LCS test suite comprises of multiple products working in tandem to support simulation of end-to-end location based services in GSM, UMTS, and LTE networks.
Specifically, to support location services in LTE network, GL’s MAPS™ Diametersignaling emulator is enhanced to simulate SLg, and SLh interfaces using Diameter protocol for estimating the position of mobile devices (mobile phones, wireless personnel, digital assistants and so on) independent of underlying network technology.

Further, the MAPS™ SLsinterface emulator supports Location Service Request procedure over LTE SLs interface between MME and E-SMLC using LCS-AP signaling protocol. These are discussed briefly below.

Typical call flow simulation of location based service messages by MAPS™ is as shown –

MAPS™ LCS Test Suite for LTE

Resources

Please Note: The XX in the Item No. refers to the hardware platform, listed at the bottom of the Buyer's Guide, which the software will be running on. Therefore, XX can either be ETA or EEA (Octal/Quad Boards), PTA or PEA (tProbe Units), UTA or UEA (USB Units), HUT or HUE (Universal Cards), and HDT or HDE (HD cards) depending upon the hardware.

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Mobile Phones Wikipedia

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